Swadesh list for English, French, Lithuanian, PIE and (Old) Prussian
Friday, June 25, 2010
I came across a dictionary the other day (here it is, pdf) of recovered and reconstructed Prussian, and since Prussian is apparently an even more conservative (=underwent less change over time) language than Lithuanian adding it to the Swadesh list seemed like a good idea. In the list I've put words in bold where either Lithuanian or Prussian seem to be cognates with PIE while the other is not. Though a pretty rough overview, Prussian seems to have a lot more PIE cognates than Lithuanian although every once in a while it's not easy to tell whether it's a PIE word that has been retained over time or whether it's a loanword. Sīmen for seed (PIE sēmṇ) for example could easily be a Latin loanword. These cases are rare though, as the vast majority of the PIE cognates are words that don't seem to be loanwords from any languages of major influence.
The PIE dictionary (or more specifically, Europaiom) I used was lacking in a lot of these words though so I think I'll come up with my own list later on, starting with PIE and then Prussian to be sure that I'll be able to properly compare them.
Edit: thanks to some helpful comments I can add to the Lithuanian part of the list. These new words will be in italics.
No | English | French | Lithuanian | PIE | Prussian |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | I | je | aš | egō | as |
2 | you, thou | vous, tu | Jūs, tu | juwes, juwe, tū | jūs, tū |
3 | he | il | jis | tāns | |
4 | we | nous | mes | nsme, wejes- | mes |
5 | you (pl.) | vous | Jūs | juwes, juwe | jūs |
6 | they | ils, elles | jie, jos | ||
7 | this | ceci | šis | sā/sī tod | šis |
8 | that | cela | tas, anas | ei | stas |
9 | here | ici | čia | kei | |
10 | there | là | ten | idhei | stwen |
11 | who | qui | kas | kas | |
12 | what | quoi | kas | qis, qid | ka |
13 | where | où | kur | qodhei, qoi, qomde | kwēi |
14 | when | quand | kada | jom, qmdo, qom | kaddan |
15 | how | comment | kaip | jota, qālis, qota | kāigi, kāi |
16 | not | ne...pas | ne ... | ghawōd, mē | ni |
17 | all | tout | viskas, visi | oljoi | wiss |
18 | many | plusieurs | daug | (much = pelu) | tūlin |
19 | some | quelques | kažkiek | ainuntkawīds | |
20 | few | peu | keletas | mazzan | |
21 | other | autre | kitas | kits | |
22 | one | un | vienas | oinos | aīns |
23 | two | deux | du | dwou | dwāi |
24 | three | trois | trys | trejes | trīs |
25 | four | quatre | keturi | qətwṛes | ketturei |
26 | five | cinq | penki | penqe | pēnkei |
27 | big * | grand | didelis | crotsos, məgnos | debiks |
28 | long * | long | ilgas | dḷḷnghos | ilgs |
29 | wide | large | platus | urús | plattus |
30 | thick | épais | storas, tankus, tirštas | dṇsus | kāmstu |
31 | heavy | lourd | sunkus | cṛ(āw)ús | brendus |
32 | small * | petit | mažas | alpos | līkuts |
33 | short | court | trumpas | mṛghús | īnss |
34 | narrow | étroit | siauras | amghús | anzuks |
35 | thin | mince | plonas | tṇus | lāils |
36 | woman * | femme | moteris | cenā, morignā | genā |
37 | man (adult male) | homme | vyras | wīrós | wīrs |
38 | man * (human being) | homme | žmogus | mánnusos | zmūnenawins |
39 | kid | enfant | vaikas | malnīks | |
40 | wife | femme, épouse | žmona | sṃloghós, uksōr | genā |
41 | husband | mari, époux | vyras | salūbawīrs | |
42 | mother | mère | motina | ammā, mātḖr | mūti |
43 | father | père | tėvas | pətēr | tāws |
44 | animal | animal | gyvulys | cīwotos | zwīrs |
45 | fish * | poisson | žuvis | piskis | zuks |
46 | bird * | oiseau | paukštis | awis, petsnós | pippelis |
47 | hound * | chien | šuo | kolignos, kwōn | skalanīks |
48 | louse * | pou | utėlė | lousēn | |
49 | snake | serpent | gyvatė | enchis, kélodhros, sérpenos, snoghā | āngs |
50 | worm | ver | kirminas | longhros, ochis | kīrms |
51 | beam * | arbre | medis | tegnom, trabhis | laukstītwei |
52 | forest | forêt | miškas | kselwā, nemos | meddin |
53 | stick | bâton | lazda | ghaisējō | lagzdē |
54 | fruit | fruit | vaisius | ágrēnom, bhreugs | wēisis |
55 | seed * | graine | sėkla | sēmṇ | sīmen |
56 | leaf * | feuille | lapas | bholjom, leups | lappan |
57 | root * | racine | šaknis | wṛdjā, wṛrādīks | saknis |
58 | bark * (from tree) | écorce | žievė | baubājai | lātwei |
59 | flower | fleur | gėlė | bhlōtis, bhlos | kwēitis |
60 | grass | herbe | žolė | ghrāsmṇ, ghrāsom | zālis |
61 | rope | corde | virvė | resgtis, sognos | wīrbi |
62 | skin * | peau | oda | kūtis, pelnis | keūtā |
63 | meat | viande | mėsa | mēmsóm | mēnsa |
64 | blood * | sang | kraujas | ēsṛ, kruwós | krāujā |
65 | bone * | os | kaulas | ostis | kaūlin |
66 | fat * (n.) | graisse | riebalai | lajos | instran |
67 | egg * | œuf | kiaušinis | ṓw(ij)om | pāuts |
68 | horn * | corne | ragas | kṛnu | rags |
69 | tail * | queue | uodega | doklom, dumbos, ersábhaljom, ersā, pukos | stags |
70 | feather * | plume | plunksna | petsnā, plousmā | plāugzda |
71 | hair * | cheveu | plaukai | ghaitā, pilos | skebbelis |
72 | head * | tête | galva | gheblā | galwā |
73 | ear * | oreille | ausis | ousis | āuss |
74 | eye * | œil | akis | oqos | aks |
75 | nose * | nez | nosis | nāsis | nāsī |
76 | mouth * | bouche | burna | ōs | āustā |
77 | tooth * | dent | dantis | dentis | dānts |
78 | tongue * | langue | liežuvis | dṇghwā | inzuws |
79 | fingernail | ongle | nagas | onchis | naguttis |
80 | foot * | pied | pėda | pods | pīda |
81 | leg | jambe | koja | kanmā, krous | nagē |
82 | knee * | genou | kelis | genu, teupō | klupstis |
83 | hand * | main | ranka | wṛonkā | rānkā |
84 | wing | aile | sparnas | agslā, peterós | skreīlis |
85 | belly * | ventre | pilvas | tarsós | wīders |
86 | guts | entrailles | viduriai | sorwā, sternom | grābs |
87 | neck * | cou | kaklas | winzus | |
88 | back | dos | nugara | awou, gurnos | rīkisna |
89 | breast * | sein, poitrine | krūtis | bhrusos | kreklin |
90 | heart * | cœur | širdis | kṛdi / kṛdjom | sīran, sīr |
91 | liver * | foie | kepenys | jeqṛ | jaknā |
92 | drink * | boire | gerti | pōtis, pibō | pūtun |
93 | eat * | manger | valgyti, ėsti | edmi, weskai | īstun |
94 | bite * | mordre | kąsti | denkō | kanstun |
95 | suck | sucer | čiulpti | dheimi | dītun |
96 | spit | cracher | spjauti | spjewō, spjwtos | wemtwei |
97 | vomit | vomir | vemti | wémāmi | spjāuwan |
98 | blow | souffler | pūsti | bhesmi, bhlāmi | aupūstan |
99 | breathe | respirer | kvėpuoti | etō, pneusō | dwestwei |
100 | laugh | rire | juoktis | wṛisdējō | smeītun si |
101 | see * | voir | matyti | widējō | wīdātun |
102 | hear * | entendre | girdėti | gheusō, kḷneumi, kluwējō | kirdītun |
103 | know * (a fact) | savoir | žinoti | woida | waīstun |
104 | think | penser | galvoti | sṇtējō | mīritwei |
105 | smell | sentir | uosti | ōstun | |
106 | fear | craindre, avoir peur | bijoti | bhíbeimi | bijjā (only has noun) |
107 | sleep * | dormir | miegoti | swepō | migītwei |
108 | live | vivre | gyventi | cejwō | gīwītwei |
109 | die * | mourir | mirti | mṛijai | aulaūtwei |
110 | kill * | tuer | žudyti | nékāmi | galīntun |
111 | fight | se battre | kovoti | katos, streudō | ūlintwei |
112 | hunt | chasser | medžioti | (wí)weimi | medāni (noun) |
113 | hit | frapper | smogti, kirsti (to hit with an axe) | bhətjō | kīrstun |
114 | cut | couper | pjauti, kirpti | kaidō | pjaūtun |
115 | split | fendre | skelti | delō, skḷjō, skerjō, skindō, spleidō | spīltun |
116 | stab | poignarder | durti | pinjos | none, but pierce - praīmtun |
117 | scratch | gratter | drėksti, brėžti, krapštyti | gṛbhō, gredō, meukō, skabhō | glāubtun |
118 | dig | creuser | kasti, rausti | bhodhjō, kánāmi | kaptun |
119 | swim * | nager | plaukti | snāmi | plūtwei |
120 | fly * (v.) | voler | skristi | cḷājō | skrāistwei |
121 | walk * | marcher | eiti | steighō, wadhō | ēitwei |
122 | come * | venir | ateiti | cemjō | perēitwei |
123 | lie * | s'étendre | gulti, gulėti | leghō | lanzītwei |
124 | sit * | s'asseoir | sėsti, sėdėti | sīndītwei, sīstwei | |
125 | stand * | se lever | stoti, stovėti | (sí)stāmi | stalītwei |
126 | turn | tourner | apsisukti, apsiversti, verstis | wṛtō | wartīntun |
127 | fall | tomber | kristi | kadō, palnō | krūtwei |
128 | give * | donner | duoti | (dí)dōmi | dātun |
129 | hold | tenir | laikyti | potējō | laikātun |
130 | squeeze | serrer | spausti, gręžti | wēskō | ebglabtun |
131 | rub | frotter | trinti | melkō, terjō | draztun |
132 | wash | laver | plauti, skalbti | lowō | mūtun |
133 | wipe | essuyer | šluoti | tergō | |
134 | pull | tirer | traukti | wīlktun | |
135 | push | pousser | stumti | agō, kelō | tālkātun |
136 | throw | jeter | mesti, sviesti | supājō | mestun |
137 | tie | lier | rišti | ristun | |
138 | sew | coudre | siūti | sjewō | šūtun |
139 | count | compter | skaičiuoti | gīrbautun | |
140 | say * | dire | sakyti | seqō | gērdautun |
141 | sing | chanter | dainuoti, giedoti | kanō, senchō | gremtun |
142 | play | jouer | žaisti | spīlitun | |
143 | float | flotter | plūduriuoti | langītwei | |
144 | flow | couler | tekėti | srewō | tektwei |
145 | freeze | geler | šalti | prunsō | pasallintun |
146 | swell | gonfler | tinti | bhreusō, turgējō | belztwei |
147 | sun * | soleil | saulė | sā́wel(jos) | saūli |
148 | moon * | lune | mėnulis, mėnuo | louksnā | mīniks |
149 | star * | étoile | žvaigždė | steros | lāuksnā |
150 | water * | eau | vanduo | wodā | undan |
151 | rain * | pluie | lietus | plówijā | sūji |
152 | river | rivière | upė | dānus | appi |
153 | lake | lac | ežeras | ágherom, lakus | azzaran |
154 | sea | mer | jūra | mari, tríjətos | jūris |
155 | salt | sel | druska | saldō | sāls |
156 | stone * | pierre | akmuo | akmōn | stabs |
157 | sand * | sable | smėlis | samdhos | zigzdā |
158 | dust | poussière | dulkės | pelwos | pūslē |
159 | earth * | terre | žemė | dheghom | zemē |
160 | cloud * | nuage | debesis | nebhis | uppin |
161 | fog | brouillard | rūkas | kalgōn, nebhlā | none, but misty = kupsīniskas |
162 | sky | ciel | dangus | dāngs | |
163 | wind | vent | vėjas | gergō, wentos | wītra |
164 | snow | neige | sniegas | sneighs | snāigs |
165 | ice | glace | ledas | eisom, gelu | lads |
166 | smoke * | fumée | dūmai | dhūmós | dūms |
167 | fire * | feu | ugnis | egnis, pāwṛ | pannu, ugnis |
168 | ashes * | cendres | pelenai | āsos, kenēs | pelanni |
169 | burn * | brûler | degti | aidhō, dhechō | deggintun |
170 | road * | route | kelias | kelus | grīnsli (roadway) |
171 | mountain * | montagne | kalnas | ceri | gārbs |
172 | red * | rouge | raudonas | rudhrós | wūrmis |
173 | green * | vert | žalias | zallis | |
174 | yellow * | jaune | geltonas | bhlāwos, knakos | geltaīns |
175 | white * | blanc | baltas | albhos, kweidos | gaīls |
176 | black * | noir | juodas | kṛsnos | kīrsnas |
177 | night * | nuit | naktis | noqtis | nakts |
178 | day | jour | diena | djnos | dēinā |
179 | year | an, année | metai | atnos | mettan |
180 | warm * | chaud | šiltas | chormos | tappis |
181 | cold * | froid | šaltas | srīgos | saltan |
182 | full * | plein | pilnas | plēnós | pilns |
183 | new * | nouveau | naujas | new(ij)os | naws |
184 | old | vieux | senas | senēks, wetwos | wūrs |
185 | good * | bon | geras | ēsús | labs |
186 | bad | mauvais | blogas | dus | wārgs |
187 | rotten | pourri | supuvęs | pūterós | rot (noun) - trustis |
188 | dirty | sale | nešvarus, purvinas | coudhros | mīlins |
189 | straight | droit | tiesiai | tìkriskas | |
190 | round * | rond | apskritas, apavalus | wolwós | skrits |
191 | sharp | tranchant, pointu, aigu | aštrus | akris | astars, aīkuls |
192 | dull | émoussé | bukas, atšipęs | preiilgewingis | |
193 | smooth | lisse | glotnus | rastós, sleigō | līgus |
194 | wet | mouillé | drėgnas, šlapias | molqos, wosmós | mārks, wilgs |
195 | dry * | sec | sausas | sisqos, susdos | sāuss |
196 | correct | juste, correct | teisingas, tikras | tikkars | |
197 | near | proche | arti, šalia, netoliese, netoli | nedjos | taūws |
198 | far | loin | toli | porsōd | tāls |
199 | right | à droite | dešinė | déksteros | tikrōms |
200 | left | à gauche | kairė | laiwos | kāirs |
201 | at | à | į | ad | prēi |
202 | in | dans | į | en | ēn |
203 | with | avec | su | kom | |
204 | and | et | ir | atqe | be, aīnat |
205 | if | si | jei, jeigu | ik, ikkai | |
206 | because | parce que | nes, kadangi | jod-qid | beggi, paggan |
207 | name * | nom | vardas | nōmṇ | emmens |