Swadesh list for English, Lithuanian, Dingwa, Sambahsa, Prussian
Monday, June 28, 2010
Today I received an email from the creator of Dingwa, the (as far as I know) fourth tier of the IALs based on Indo-European vocabulary. The four are: Modern Indo-European (reconstructed, no holds barred), Sambahsa (somewhat reconstructed yet simplified, uses vocabulary from non-IE sources as well where needed), Dingwa (schematic yet with a very non-Eurocreole grammar), and Uropi (IE vocabulary but with a grammar very much resembling English and vocabulary uses modern forms instead of original PIE).
Out of those four then, the languages one would expect to resemble each other the most in terms of vocabulary are Dingwa and Sambahsa, so I've put them next to each other on the list. You can see that at the beginning of the list where pronouns are common they hardly resemble each other at all, but nouns resemble each other quite a bit, and verbs even more so. I've put cognates in bold, as well as where they are cognate in Lithuanian and Prussian as well, or the obvious cognates at least. Some of the words in the list are a bit iffy, kind of obvious when pointed out but perhaps not so much without any hints, so the bolding is a bit subjective. Since Dingwa is the newest addition to the list and thus the focus of attention, all the words in bold are where they resemble Dingwa.
No | English | Lithuanian | Dingwa | Sambahsa | Prussian |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | I | aš | ega, mena | ego, io | as |
2 | you, thou | Jūs, tu | twa | yu, tu | jūs, tū |
3 | he | jis | ona | is | tāns |
4 | we | mes | noi | wey | mes |
5 | you (pl.) | Jūs | woi | yu | jūs |
6 | they | jie, jos | onai | ies, ias, ia, i | |
7 | this | šis | ejei | so, sa, tod | šis |
8 | that | tas, anas | onei | cis, cia, cid | stas |
9 | here | čia | edi | her | |
10 | there | ten | odi | ter | stwen |
11 | who | kas | kja | qui(s), qua, quel | kas |
12 | what | kas | kwa | quod | ka |
13 | where | kur | kudi | quer | kwēi |
14 | when | kada | kudu | quan(do) | kaddan |
15 | how | kaip | kulku, kunsu | kam, quosmed | kāigi, kāi |
16 | not | ne ... | ne | ne | ni |
17 | all | viskas, visi | solwei | vasyo, hol, quant | wiss |
18 | many | daug | polwei | maung | tūlin |
19 | some | kažkiek | (use genitive) | sem | ainuntkawīds |
20 | few | keletas | pewei | pau(k) | mazzan |
21 | other | kitas | aljei | alyo, alter | kits |
22 | one | vienas | oinei | oin | aīns |
23 | two | du | dwei | dwo | dwāi |
24 | three | trys | trijei | tri | trīs |
25 | four | keturi | kweturei | quar | ketturei |
26 | five | penki | penkwei | penk(we) | pēnkei |
27 | big * | didelis | meglei | mier | debiks |
28 | long * | ilgas | dolgei | long | ilgs |
29 | wide | platus | urwei | weur | plattus |
30 | thick | storas, tankus, tirštas | bangwei, tegwei | teug | kāmstu |
31 | heavy | sunkus | gurnei | gwaur | brendus |
32 | small * | mažas | minwei, pulei | smulk | līkuts |
33 | short | trumpas | morgwei, skortei | cort | īnss |
34 | narrow | siauras | angwei | angh | anzuks |
35 | thin | plonas | tenwei, spalei | teun | lāils |
36 | woman * | moteris | guna | gwen(a) | genā |
37 | man (adult male) | vyras | nera | wir | wīrs |
38 | man * (human being) | žmogus | wira | mensc | zmūnenawins |
39 | kid | vaikas | putla | magv | malnīks |
40 | wife | žmona | snuba, guna | gvibh, esor | genā |
41 | husband | vyras | snuba, nera | mann | salūbawīrs |
42 | mother | motina | matra | mater | mūti |
43 | father | tėvas | patra | pater | tāws |
44 | animal | gyvulys | gurja, pekwa | animal | zwīrs |
45 | fish * | žuvis | piska | pisk | zuks |
46 | bird * | paukštis | owja | av | pippelis |
47 | hound * | šuo | kwona | kwaun | skalanīks |
48 | louse * | utėlė | lusa | lus | |
49 | snake | gyvatė | serpa | serpent | āngs |
50 | worm | kirminas | werma | vehrm | kīrms |
51 | beam * | medis | spona | dru | laukstītwei |
52 | forest | miškas | widuwa | forest | meddin |
53 | stick | lazda | ponkra | gazd | lagzdē |
54 | fruit | vaisius | pola | fruit | wēisis |
55 | seed * | sėkla | semena | semen | sīmen |
56 | leaf * | lapas | bolja | warak | lappan |
57 | root * | šaknis | urda | raudh | saknis |
58 | bark * (from tree) | žievė | korta | corce | lātwei |
59 | flower | gėlė | blosa, anda | flor | kwēitis |
60 | grass | žolė | gorba | gras | zālis |
61 | rope | virvė | rezga | seil | wīrbi |
62 | skin * | oda | skuta, pelna | cuit | keūtā |
63 | meat | mėsa | memsa, krowa | miems | mēnsa |
64 | blood * | kraujas | esna | sehrg | krāujā |
65 | bone * | kaulas | ostja | ost | kaūlin |
66 | fat * (n.) | riebalai | smorsa | selp, smeru | instran |
67 | egg * | kiaušinis | owjeka | oiv | pāuts |
68 | horn * | ragas | kerna | horn | rags |
69 | tail * | uodega | dokla | swayp | stags |
70 | feather * | plunksna | petra | ptor | plāugzda |
71 | hair * | plaukai | pila | kays | skebbelis |
72 | head * | galva | cap | galwā | |
73 | ear * | ausis | ausa | aur | āuss |
74 | eye * | akis | okwja | ok | aks |
75 | nose * | nosis | nosa | nas | nāsī |
76 | mouth * | burna | osa | stohm | āustā |
77 | tooth * | dantis | donta | dent | dānts |
78 | tongue * | liežuvis | dingwa | dingv | inzuws |
79 | fingernail | nagas | nogla | onkh | naguttis |
80 | foot * | pėda | poda | ped | pīda |
81 | leg | koja | krusa | jamb | nagē |
82 | knee * | kelis | gonwa | genu | klupstis |
83 | hand * | ranka | gersa | hand | rānkā |
84 | wing | sparnas | petsna | pterg | skreīlis |
85 | belly * | pilvas | belga | gventer | wīders |
86 | guts | viduriai | entai | inster | grābs |
87 | neck * | kaklas | monja | coll | winzus |
88 | back | nugara | kruga | regv | rīkisna |
89 | breast * | krūtis | brusa | pizdan | kreklin |
90 | heart * | širdis | kerda | kerd | sīran, sīr |
91 | liver * | kepenys | jekna | lyekwrnt | jaknā |
92 | drink * | gerti | pojit | poh | pūtun |
93 | eat * | valgyti | edit | edd | īstun |
94 | bite * | kąsti | dankit | dehnk | kanstun |
95 | suck | čiulpti | delit | seug | dītun |
96 | spit | spjauti | spujit | spieu | wemtwei |
97 | vomit | vemti | wemit | vomeih | spjāuwan |
98 | blow | pūsti | blajit | blah | aupūstan |
99 | breathe | kvėpuoti | anit | annem | dwestwei |
100 | laugh | juoktis | wridit | gleih | smeītun si |
101 | see * | matyti | widit | vid | wīdātun |
102 | hear * | girdėti | klujit | aur | kirdītun |
103 | know * (a fact) | žinoti | gignit | woid | waīstun |
104 | think | galvoti | mentit | mehn | mīritwei |
105 | smell | uosti | odmam anit | neus | ōstun |
106 | fear | bijoti | bimit | bay | bijjā (only has noun) |
107 | sleep * | miegoti | swopit | swehp | migītwei |
108 | live | gyventi | gwiwit | gwiv | gīwītwei |
109 | die * | mirti | morit | mehr, daunet, nehc | aulaūtwei |
110 | kill * | žudyti | moraagit | xehn, neic | galīntun |
111 | fight | kovoti | judit | katue, weigh | ūlintwei |
112 | hunt | medžioti | woitam kurit | sayd, gverue, agrue | medāni (noun) |
113 | hit | smogti | slakit, butit | heih, plag, stuned | kīrstun |
114 | cut | pjauti, kirpti | skijit | (oi)(s)kehrz, seg | pjaūtun |
115 | split | skelti | skidit | scinesd, finesd | spīltun |
116 | stab | durti | pugit | dyehgw | none, but pierce - praīmtun |
117 | scratch | drėksti, brėžti | drnit | graz | glāubtun |
118 | dig | kasti, rausti | grobit | food, grabh, (oi)(s)kav | kaptun |
119 | swim * | plaukti | snajit | snah | plūtwei |
120 | fly * (v.) | skristi | petit | pleuk | skrāistwei |
121 | walk * | eiti | wadit | ghang | ēitwei |
122 | come * | ateiti | gumit | gwehm | perēitwei |
123 | lie * | gulti, gulėti | drugit | lyehg | lanzītwei |
124 | sit * | sėsti, sėdėti | sedit | sedd | sīndītwei, sīstwei |
125 | stand * | stoti, stovėti | stanit | stah | stalītwei |
126 | turn | apsisukti | kulit | wehrt | wartīntun |
127 | fall | kristi | kidit, rujit | fall | krūtwei |
128 | give * | duoti | danit | dah | dātun |
129 | hold | laikyti | derit | dehrj | laikātun |
130 | squeeze | spausti, gręžti | uskit | sehr | ebglabtun |
131 | rub | trinti | terit | ghneih, tyehr | draztun |
132 | wash | plauti, skalbti | nigwit | lav | mūtun |
133 | wipe | šluoti | tergit | tierg | |
134 | pull | traukti | dukit | trag | wīlktun |
135 | push | stumti | tudit | pusc | tālkātun |
136 | throw | mesti | jejit | xeubh | mestun |
137 | tie | rišti | nedit | behnd | ristun |
138 | sew | siūti | sjuwit | syuh | šūtun |
139 | count | skaičiuoti | rimit | lehg, conte | gīrbautun |
140 | say * | sakyti | ukwit | sayg | gērdautun |
141 | sing | dainuoti | kanit | sehngv | gremtun |
142 | play | žaisti | ludit | leik | spīlitun |
143 | float | plūduriuoti | pluwit | flotte | langītwei |
144 | flow | tekėti | srowit | sreu | tektwei |
145 | freeze | šalti | prusit | frehs | pasallintun |
146 | swell | tinti | tumit | teum | belztwei |
147 | sun * | saulė | solna | sol | saūli |
148 | moon * | mėnulis | menesa | meun | mīniks |
149 | star * | žvaigždė | stera | star | lāuksnā |
150 | water * | vanduo | udra | wed | undan |
151 | rain * | lietus | suva | seuy | sūji |
152 | river | upė | srowa | sreumen | appi |
153 | lake | ežeras | egera, moritsa | lac | azzaran |
154 | sea | jūra | morja | mar | jūris |
155 | salt | druska | salna | sald | sāls |
156 | stone * | akmuo | kagla | petra | stabs |
157 | sand * | smėlis | molma | sand | zigzdā |
158 | dust | dulkės | molmitsa | duil | pūslē |
159 | earth * | žemė | degmena | ardh, (di)ghom | zemē |
160 | cloud * | debesis | nebesa | nebh | uppin |
161 | fog | rūkas | migla | nebule | none, but misty = kupsīniskas |
162 | sky | dangus | djuwa | waurn | dāngs |
163 | wind | vėjas | veja | wind | wītra |
164 | snow | sniegas | snigwa | sneigv | snāigs |
165 | ice | ledas | pruswa | glehdj | lads |
166 | smoke * | dūmai | duma | dum | dūms |
167 | fire * | ugnis | ognja | ogwn, piurn | pannu, ugnis |
168 | ashes * | pelenai | degura | bur, ascha, kenis | pelanni |
169 | burn * | degti | indit | aydh | deggintun |
170 | road * | kelias | soda | strad | grīnsli (roadway) |
171 | mountain * | kalnas | kolna | ghyor(a) | gārbs |
172 | red * | raudonas | redrei | rudh | wūrmis |
173 | green * | žalias | gelnei | glend | zallis |
174 | yellow * | geltonas | glorei | gehlb | geltaīns |
175 | white * | baltas | albei | albh (kweit) | gaīls |
176 | black * | juodas | surdei | sword | kīrsnas |
177 | night * | naktis | nokta | noct | nakts |
178 | day | diena | dina | dien | dēinā |
179 | year | metai | wetsa | yar | mettan |
180 | warm * | šiltas | gurmei | warm | tappis |
181 | cold * | šaltas | gelei | srig | saltan |
182 | full * | pilnas | polnei | plen | pilns |
183 | new * | naujas | newei | nov | naws |
184 | old | senas | senekei | veut | wūrs |
185 | good * | geras | mirei, su- | sell, gohd, dohbro | labs |
186 | bad | blogas | dusei | khiter, khak, (s)mal | wārgs |
187 | rotten | supuvęs | putei | saup | rot (noun) - trustis |
188 | dirty | nešvarus, purvinas | mowei | murdar | mīlins |
189 | straight | tiesiai | ordwei | seid | tìkriskas |
190 | round * | apskritas | lobei, kurwei | rund | skrits |
191 | sharp | aštrus | skirei, tigei | ak | astars, aīkuls |
192 | dull | bukas | duntei | stump | preiilgewingis |
193 | smooth | glotnus | glodei | glat, sliv | līgus |
194 | wet | drėgnas | mudei, medrei | smeu | mārks, wilgs |
195 | dry * | sausas | sousei | siuk | sāuss |
196 | correct | teisingas | rektei | prabh, correct | tikkars |
197 | near | arti, šalia | adei, u, ulegontei | prokwem | taūws |
198 | far | toli | postanontei, wiitei | dalg | tāls |
199 | right | dešinė | deksnei | dexter | tikrōms |
200 | left | kairė | laiwei | levter | kāirs |
201 | at | į | u + locative | ad | prēi |
202 | in | į | en | in | ēn |
203 | with | su | sun, -kom + instrumental | con | |
204 | and | ir | i, kwe | ed | be, aīnat |
205 | if | jei | sit | sei, an, kwe(ter) | ik, ikkai |
206 | because | nes, kadangi | eru | ob | beggi, paggan |
207 | name * | vardas | nomena | nam | emmens |