Is Old Latin a better option for revival than Classical Latin?
Saturday, June 26, 2010
When discussing revival of Latin, the subject usually centers around whether Classical Latin or Medieval (Church) Latin would be best. One option rarely (if ever) discussed though is the option of choosing Old Latin, that used before 75 B.C and yet with quite a large corpus thanks to writers like Plautus. The interesting thing about Old Latin is that the older forms of words usually end up being more aesthetically pleasing and/or clear than those from Classical Latin. For example rēx (king) which becomes rēgis in CL is simply rēgs and then rēges in OL, no switching from x to g. One also finds o in place of u much of the time (sum --> som, campus --> campos), thus resembling modern Romance languages a bit more.
Declension is the most interesting part however, as the genitive, dative and ablative seem to be particularly clear. Students of Classical Latin are always having to play around with vowel length in order to distinguish one from the other, whereas Old Latin more often makes a clear distinction with consonants at the end. Classical Latin pullae could either mean of the girl, to the girl, or girls. But in Old Latin we have puellās for of the girl, puellāi for to the girl, and puellāī for girls. The distinction isn't quite so striking in other declensions yet they still end up being a bit clearer; campō in Classical Latin could be either dative or ablative, whereas in Old Latin campō is dative whereas campōd is ablative.
Old Latin does have a large number of alternate forms, but if we are treating it as a revived language then it should be no problem to simply choose the easiest and clearest form (modern users may prefer campe as the plural of campos for example as it is easy to pronounce and doesn't conflict with any other declensions) and then go with that.
Here are some words for comparison. Old Latin is on the left, Classical Latin on the right.
Classical puella, -ae, Old puellā, –āī
girl, maiden f.
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||
Nominative | puellā | puellāī | puella | puellae | |
Genitive | puell-ās/-āī/-ais | puell-om/-āsōm | puellae | puellārum | |
Dative | puellāi | puell-eis/-abos | puellae | puellīs | |
Accusative | puellam | puellās | puellam | puellās | |
Ablative | puellād | puell-eis/-abos | puellā | puellīs |
Classical campus, -ī, Old campos, –ī
field, plain m.
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||
Nominative | campos | camp-oe/-e/-ei/-ī /-ēs/-eis/-īs | campus | campī | |
Genitive | camp-ī/-ei | camp-ōm/-ūm | campī | campōrum | |
Dative | campō | camp-ois/-oes/-eis/-īs | campō | campīs | |
Accusative | campom | campōs | campum | campōs | |
Ablative | campōd | camp-ois/-oes/-eis/-īs | campō | campīs |
Classical saxum, -ī, Old saxom, –ā
rock, stone n.
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||
Nominative | saxom | sax-ā/-ă | saxum | saxa | |
Genitive | saxī | sax-ōm/-ūm | saxī | saxōrum | |
Dative | saxō | sax-ois/-oes/-eis/-īs | saxō | saxīs | |
Accusative | saxom | sax-ā/-ă | saxum | saxa | |
Ablative | saxōd | sax-ois/-oes/-eis/-īs | saxō | saxīs |
Classical rēx, rēgis, Old rēgs, -ēs
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||||
Nominative | rēgs | rēg-eīs/-īs/-ēs/-ĕs | rēx | rēgēs | |||
Genitive | rēg-es/-is/-os/-us | rēg-om/-um/-erum | rēgis | rēgum | |||
Dative | rēg-ei/-ī/-ē/-ě | rēg-ebus/-ebūs /-ibos/-ibus | rēgī | rēgibus | |||
Accusative | rēgem | rēg-eīs/-īs/-ēs | rēgem | rēgēs | |||
Ablative |
| rēg-ebus/-ebūs /-ibos/-ibus | rēge | rēgibus |
Classical senātus, Old senātus
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||
Nominative | senātus | senātūs | senātus | senātūs | |
Genitive | senāt-uos/-uis/-ī/-ous/-ūs | senāt-uom/-um | senātūs | senātuum | |
Dative | senātuī | senāt-ubus/-ibus | senātuī | senātibus | |
Accusative | senātum | senātūs | senātum | senātūs | |
Ablative | senāt-ūd/-ud | senāt-ubus/-ibus | senātū | senātibus |
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||||
Nominative | ign-is/-es | ign-eīs/-ēs/-īs/-ĕs | ignis | ignēs | |||
Genitive | ignis | ign-iom/-ium | ignis | ignium | |||
Dative | ign-i/-eī/-ē | ign-ibus/-ibos | ignī | ignibus | |||
Accusative | ignim | ign-eīs/-ēs/-īs | ignem | ignīs, ignēs | |||
Ablative |
| ign-ebus/-ebūs /-ibos/-ibus | ignī, igne | ignibus |