French scientific reader (1894) III - VI: Centrifugal force

Monday, January 31, 2011

No image for these until the last one.

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III. FORCE CENTRIFUGE.

C'EST la force en vertu de laquelle les corps animés d'un mouvement de rotation tendent à s'éloigner du centre de rotation. Pour produire cette force, il suffit de faire tourner rapidement une pierre ou une balle de plomb attachée à l'extrémité d'une corde, dont on tient l'autre extrémité dans la main; on voit alors la corde se tendre et d'autant plus que le mouvement de rotation est plus rapide.

Recherchons la cause de cet effet. Si la pierre était abandonnée à elle-même, il est évident qu'à ce moment elle suivrait l'impulsion dont elle est animée, mais elle ne peut fuir, maintenue que'elle est par la corde. D'un autre côté, puisque la corde se tend, il faut bien qu'à son tour la pierre exerce une certaine traction sur cette corde, absolument comme si elle était soumise à l'action d'une force qui tendraid à l'éloigner du cercle qu'elle décrit. Cette force se nomme, par suite, la force centrifuge.

Si la corde, qui force la pierre à décrice un cercle, vient à se briser, la force centrifuge est subitement anéantie et le mouvement, qui anime alors la pierre, n'est que la continuité de celui qui l'entraînait au moment où elle a cessé de décrire le cercle. On peut démontrer l'existence de cette force centrifuge par un grand nombre d'exemples dont nous citerons les plus intéressants.


IV. FRONDE.


CHACUN connaît la fronde, qui sert à lancer les pierres. On sait qu'elle consiste en une lanière de cuir assez large au milieu et se rétrécissant graduellement aux extrémités auxquelles sont attachés deux cordons; on emprisonne une pierre dans la lanière, puis, passant le doigt du milieu dans la boucle formée par un des cordons, on maintient l'autre avec le pouce et l'index. Alors, on imprime à l'appareil un mouvement rapide de rotation autour de la main. Les cordons se tendent, sous l'influence de la force centrifuge, et lorsqu'on juge l'impulsion suffisante, on lâche un des cordons; la pierre abandonne la cirfonférence et s'échappe par la tangente; mais en vertu de la pesanteur, elle ne tarde pas à décrire l'espèce de courbe désignée, par les mathématiciens, sous le nom de parabole et à aller tomber à une certaine distance du point de départ. Toute l'adresse du frondeur consiste à abandonner la pierre à un instant convenable, pour qu'elle puisse gagner le point qu'il s'est proposé d'atteindre.


V. EMPLOI DE L'EAU POUR DÉMONTRER L'EXISTENCE DE LA FORCE CENTRIFUGE.

ON prend un pinceau un peu fort et on le trempe dans l'eau; lorsque le crin a été sufissament imbibé, on retire le pinceau de l'eau et l'on roule le manche entre les deux mains, de manière à produire un mouvement circulaire; on voit alors l'eau abandonner le crin, en produisant une espèce de gerbe à convexité supérieure. Cette expérience s'exécute d'une manière plus élégante en employant le procédé suivant. On suspend, à trois cordons d'égale longueur, un vase hémisphérique, on tord ces cordons, on les maintient dans la position que leur a été communiquée par la torsion et, pendant ce temps-là, on remplit le vase d'eau jusqu'au bord. Si alors on vient à abandonner les cordons, ils se détordent et communiquent au vase un mouvement de rotation, sous l'influence duquel le liquide abandonne le vase, en formant une gerbe qui se précipite vers le sol. Le mouvement que contracte l'eau, dans ces deux expériences, permet d'expliquer les étourdissements que déterminent certains exercices où l'on tourne rapidement, tels que le jeu de bague, l'escarpolette, car alors le sang tend à s'éloigner du centre de rotation.

VI. LA FORCE CENTRIFUGE REND COMPTE DE L'EXPÉRIENCE SUIVANTE.

SUSPENDONS un seau plein d'eau à l'extrémité d'une corde et faisons-le tourner comme une fronde, le vase restera plein, quoiqu'il soit complètement renversé quand il est en haut du cercle. Pour que l'eau soit ainsi soustraite à l'action de la pesanteur, il faut qu'une force au moins égale et de sens contraire intervienne; c'est la force centrifuge.

VII. CHEMIN DE FER AÉRIEN À FORCE CENTRIFUGE.

LE jouet suivant est un exemple curieux des effets de la force centrifuge. C'est un petit chemin de fer (Fig. 5) formé par deux rails parallèles qui forment d'abord une pente assez raide, puis se contournent en un hélice, dont l'axe est horizontal. Un petit chariot dans lequel on peut placer soit un vase plein d'eau, soit une pièce de monnaie, part du point le plus élevé et roule sur la pente, mais il est bientôt obligé de suivre les rails courbés que lui sont offerts,

et alors il les presse de dedans en dehors par l'effet de la force centrifuge. On a donné au point de départ une hauteur suffisante pour que cette force centrifuge puisse équilibrer le poids du chariot qui, en sortant de la spire, remonte sur une deuxième pente où sa vitesse est bientôt détruite.

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French scientific reader (1894) II: Cutting down

Part II is about cuttin' stuff.

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II. CHOC BRUSQUE SUIVANT LA VERTICALE

Un choc très brusque dirigé suivant la verticale produit aussi de curieux effets. Une verge de sapin (Fig. 4), un manche à balai, par exemple, est appuyé par ses deux extrémités sur deux verres à boire par l'intermédiaire de deux aiguilles enfoncées dans le bois, suivant la direction

de l'axe. Ces deux verres sont placés sur deux billots de bois ou sur deux chaises. Si alors on donne un fort coup de sabre, ou un violent coup de bâton sur le milieu de la verge, on la brisera, sans casser ni même renverser les verres qui la supportaient. Ici, la force a été appliquée d'une manière si prompte, si instantanée que du centre de la verge elle n'a pas eu le temps de se communiquer aux verres servant de support.

Quand la vitesse dont un corps est animé est considérable, il peut se faire qu'il entame un corps plus dur que lui. Cela se comprend. Certainement, au moment du choc, la vitesse du corps en mouvement est ralentie, mais les parties choquées reçoivent une impulsion assez grande pour être brusquement portées à des distances telles des molécules voisines que la cohésion n'a pas d'action. On explique ainsi: comment une chandelle de suif, lancée par une arme à feu, peut traverser une planche de sapin: comment on peut entamer une lame de marbre avec un disque de carton tournant rapidement, ou bien encore, couper une lime avec un disque de fer doux animé d'un vif mouvement de rotation.

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French scientific reader, 1894: gliding is fun

Found an interesting book on Archive.org today - a reader for French students that is quite easy to read, but devoted to scientific concepts. The period just before the development of the first airplane is quite interesting (since it was still theory) and that's what the first article is about.

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I. AVIATION.

CONTRAIREMENT aux affirmations d'Helmholtz qui, dans son ouvrage Gesammelte Abhandlungen, dit qu'il est tout à fait impossible à l'homme de voler par ses propres forces, un Allemand, O. Lilienthal, vient, à Steglitz, près de Berlin, de

tenter des essais d'aviation qui ont été couronnés d'un réel succès. Lilienthal s'est basé sur ce fait que les oiseaux de la plus grande taille lorsqu'ils planent ne paraissent développer qu'un minimum de travail tout en progressant rapidement dans les airs et que le vent accomplit pour eux presque tout le travail. Ses premiers essais ont tous tendu à démontrer qu'avec des appareils bien construits, solides mais légers, il était permis à l'homme, sans dépasser ses forcs, de se soutenir dans les airs et aussi de suivre une direction voulue

en inclinant dans un sens ou dans l'autre les ailes, par un simple déplacement du centre de gravité par rapport au centre de résistance. Lilienthal de plaçait pour ses expériences sur un point un peu élevé, prenait un élan de 4 ou 5 mètres pendant lequel le vent gonflait ses ailes, et il se lassait ensuite glisser dans l'air sur une distance dépassant 250 mètres. En levant un bras et portant les jambes à droite ou à gauche, il changeait de direction et pouvait même ralentir son vol. Au lieu de donner à ses ailes la forme de celles des oiseaux, il leur a donné un profil curviligne déterminé par l'expérience. Leur structure est telle que chacune d'elles présente une surface de 15 mètres carrés. Divers essais lui ont démontré qu'il n'était pas prudent de leur donner une étendue ni inférieure ni supérieure à celle qu'il avait choisie. Lilienthal affirme que si les ailes n'atteignent pas un poids trop considérable et une surface trop grande, les essais auxquels il s'est livré n'offrent aucune espèce de danger et qu'en tout cas c'est un exercise fort agréable et très récréatif.

Quelle que doive être la portée de l'expérience si intéressante de M. Lilienthal, il est permis de penser que, si le domaine de l'air n'est pas encore conquis par lui, l'homme peut aspirer à le conquérir. Il est assez piquant de prévoir tout ce que lui rapporterait sa nouvelle conquête; la science la mettrait largement à profit et le sport, que a déjà trouvé récemment une voie féconde dans la vélocipédie, ne manquerait

pas de trouver dans les airs un champ plus fertile encore, que l'industrie ne manquerait pas d'exploiter à son tour. Il en résulterait une évolution marquante dans les progrès de la civilisation moderne.

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How long has Hosni Mubarak been in power?

Since I haven't yet started to learn Arabic I can't provide any extra background on current protests in Egypt, the ones before in Tunisia, and others that are happening now and should continue to happen in the near future. I can, however, make a video reminding the viewer how long a period of time 1981 to 2011 is. Info on the music and images is just below. After finishing the video and looking at it it reminds me of my app a bit as well.



1981 - Ronald Reagan is president, first Shuttle flight, IBM PC is released. Song: Celebration by Kool & The Gang

1982 - Falkland Islands War, Venera 13 USSR probe to Venus, Michael Jackson's Thriller. Song: same

1983 - Rumsfeld meets with Saddam Hussein, more Shuttle flights, Rev. Jesse Jackson. Song: Billy Jean by Michael Jackson

1984 - First Macintosh computer, NES, Brian Mulroney is PM of Canada, famine in Egypt. Song: For the Longest Time by Billy Joel

1985 - Gorbachev leader of USSR, first Wrestlemania, Super Mario Bros, Live Aid to raise money in Africa. Song: Material Girl by Madonna

1986 - Shuttle Challenger explodes (actually implodes), Legend of Zelda, Voyager passes by Oranos, Chernobyl explosion. Song: Caught Somewhere in Time by Iron Maiden

1987 - Final Fantasy, Simpsons, Black Monday on the stock market, Canadian loonie. Song: Living on a Prayer by Bon Jovi

1988 - Windows, Perestroika, Lockerbie bombing, presidential election with father George Bush. Song: Never Gonna Give you Up by Rick Astley.

1989 - Exxon Valdez oil spill, political silliness with Satanic Verses, Tiananmen Square, first Seinfeld. Song: Just Another Day in Paradise by Phil Collins

1990 - Nelson Mandela freed, Hubble Space Telescope launched, Pale Blue Dot. Song: Nothing Compares to You by Sinead O'Connor

1991 - USSR collapses, SNES released, Gulf War. Song: Summertime by Will Smith

1992 - Presidential election with Bill Clinton & George Bush, Melrose Place. Song: Dam that River by Alice in Chains

1993 - Jean Chretien now PM of Canada, Bill Clinton is president, peace agreement between Rabin & Arafat, Windows. Song: Ordinary World by Duran Duran

1994 - Schindler's list, Kurt Cobain suicide, Jupiter hit by comet. Song: Streets of Philadelphia by Bruce Springsteen

1995 - President Chirac of France, WTO set up, Galileo arrives at Jupiter, Oklahoma city bombing. Song: Kiss from a Rose by Seal

1996 - Keck II telescope complete, N64, Dolly the Sheep. Song: Stupid Girl by Garbage

1997 - Princess Diana dies, Hong Kong back to China, Pathfinder rover, Comet Hale-Bopp. Song: Paranoid Android by Radiohead

1998 - Google starts, Lunar Prospector, Governor Jesse Ventura. Song: Bittersweet Symphony by The Verve

1999 - Yeltsin resigns, Euro starts, new king in Jordan, Y2K, Columbine shooting. Song: Smooth by Santana

2000 - Vicente Fox is president, so is Putin, election in the US, Windows 2000. Song: How to Disappear Completely by Radiohead

2001 - President Bush, September 11, Afghanistan war starts, so does Wikipedia. Song: Thankyou by Dido

2002 - Mark Shuttleworth in space, Dept of Homeland Security and International Court of Justice set up, Mars Surveyor begins mission. Song: Can't get you out of my head by Kylie Minogue

2003 - Preparations and start of War in Iraq, Shuttle Columbia destroyed, Shenzhou 5. Song: Lose Yourself by Eminem.

2004 - Presidential elections, Cassini arrives at Saturn, Ubuntu starts, Tsunami in Asia. Song: Hey Ya by OutKast

2005 - Pope John Paul II dies, Mohammed images controversy, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, Deep Impact mission. Song: Boulevard of Broken Dreams by Green Day

2006 - Railway to Tibet, Pope Benedict is new pope, Montenegro separation from Serbia, Israel - Lebanon war. Song: The Reincarnation of Benjamin Breeg by Iron Maiden

2007 - Comet Holmes, last Harry Potter book, EU now at full size, election in France. Song: Jigsaw Falling Into Place by Radiohead

2008 - Raúl Castro now president of Cuba, Dark Knight and death of Heath Ledger, 2008 election in the US, MESSENGER views Mercury. Song: Worlds Collide by Apocalyptica

2009 - H1N1 flu, elections and protests in Iran, President Barack Obama, Israel-Gaza War. Song: From Earth I Rose by Amorphis

2010 - Earthquakes in Haiti and Chile, Burj Dubai is tallest tower in the world, Eyjafjallajökull erupts. Song: The Watcher's Monolith by Agalloch

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Danish linguist Otto Jespersen on the evolution of languages towards simplicity

Saturday, January 29, 2011

One of the most recent issues of Cosmoglotta I've uploaded from 1937 features an article by Otto Jespersen, the Danish linguist and inventor of Novial. The article is not about constructed languages but is related, as it is about the simplification of languages over time. Apparently it was originally written in Danish, then translated into Occidental, and now I've translated it into English.



EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGES

by Professor Otto Jespersen

We have compared the oldest known states of our western European languages with their current form and we have found certain traits that, generally seen, are common to them, so that it was possible to find some large main lines showing the direction of evolution; and we have come to the opinion that the changes made in the course of centuries have as a whole been advantageous for the speakers, to the extent that we are justified if we speak of progress. The points in which the most recent languages have shown their superiority are as follows:

(1) Their forms are generally shorter, making them less strenuous on the muscles and spoken at a more rapid rate than their old forms.


(2) Their forms are reduced compared to before, resulting in a smaller burden on the memory.


(3) Their formation is much more regular.


(4) Their use in the composition of words (derivation) is much less irregular.


(5) Their more abstract and analytic character facilitate expression, making possible a multitude of combinations and constructions, which were impossible before or in conflict with linguistic use.


(6) Awkward repetitions that followed from the rules of accord of subordinate words with those that governed them have been made superfluous.


(7) Clear and unambiguous comprehension is guaranteed by a regular consequence of the words.


These advantages were not gained by a coup and languages have moved in the directions mentioned with a different speed for each. For example, High German is in many points slow compared to Low German; European Dutch is slower than South African (Afrikaans); Swedish in some areas compared to Danish, and all these languages compared to English. The Romance languages also have not marched at the same pace. Here we emphasize only that all these languages have in historic times moved in general in these directions, and that, from an anthropocentric point of view -- i.e., if we measure according to the needs of speaking people -- we should call that which has happened a welcome progress.


But are these tendencies general, or even perhaps absolute in the world of languages? All examples have been taken from a relatively small circle of languages, those that I myself and probably also the majority of my readers know the best. Do other languages show a similar evolution? Without claiming a deep knowledge of many languages I nevertheless dare to assert that the gained results are confirmed by all languages, of those of which their history is known: Irish today and spoken Scottish Gaelic are in many points simpler in their grammatical structure than the most ancient Irish. Russian has liberated itself from many complicated irregularities of ancient Slavic (Old Church Slavonic), and the same has been done to a greater extent by other Slavic languages: Bulgarian has greatly simplified the flexion of nouns and adjectives, and Serbian its conjugation. Modern Greek spoken is considerably more simply in its forms than the language of Homer and Demosthenes. Modern Persian is almost as simple in its structure as English, while Ancient Persian was a language of great complexity. In India we see a gradual simplification from Sanscrit through Pracrit and Pali to the languages spoken now: Hindi, Hindustani (Urdu), Bengali, etc. Outside our family of languages we see the same: Hebrew is more simple and more regular than Assyrian, spoken Arabic is simpler than the ancient written language. Coptic shows the same facility compared with Egyptian.

In short, even if we can clearly prove our theory only on a minority of languages spoken on the Earth, that minority still embraces all languages known during the era about which we can speak as having a history, and because of that we can dare to assert that the tendency towards simplification of grammatical structure is universal in the world of languages.

That this tendency is, in general, useful, lets us truly speak of progress; on that point all more ancient linguists were blind, because they saw a "cosmos", a magnificent and well-ordered world in the ancient, particularly in the classical languages and because of which modern languages lack a quantity of things that they had learned to admire in the ancients. It also cannot be denied that they to a certain extent were correct: each language presents, when one studies it in the right spirit, as much beauty in a systematically coherent structure, that it can be qualified as a "cosmos". But it is not in every concern a cosmos full of beauty: just as all things human it contains traits more or less beautiful, and a comparative evaluation should not be unilateral. Without a doubt there are things extraordinarily beautiful in the structure of Ancient Greek, and the ancient Greeks with their artistic talent were able to profit to the maximum extent from their magnificent literature. But there is also not less beauty in many modern languages, though the real evaluation of that is based on taste, which for the most part escapes scientific critique.

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Defence Language Institute now has some texts in Turkmen

Friday, January 28, 2011

Check it out, now the DLI's Global Language Online Support System page has a few texts in Turkmen - four in total. I haven't kept an accurate check on exactly which languages are there but I'm fairly sure that Turkmen is the only language that has been added since North Korean (not a different language from South Korean, just Korean with a few differences).

Turkmen resources are still extremely scarce though so for anyone going to Turkmenistan that only has access to online resources I would still recommend sticking with standard Turkish as much as possible, and then only switching over to the limited Turkmen resources out there about two weeks before leaving in order to learn about how they differ. Back in 2008 I wrote a post about how Turkmen and Azeri can become quite legible to a Turkish speaker simply by replacing letters here and there, so going all out on standard Turkish and then following it up by getting yourself used to the different orthography and some other differences is usually the most effective way in a pinch. A quick text replacement turns this:

Garaşsyz we baky Bitarap Türkmenistan döwleti Gundogaryn we Gunbataryn kop yuertlaryna tarao gidyan gadymy “Beýik Ýupek” sowda ýollarynyň çatrygynda, geografik taýdan innan amatly ýerde ýerleşýar. Şona gora-de, Türkmenistanyň territoriýasynyn usti bilen Gadymy we Orta asyr dowurlerinde hem dunya bazarlaryna tarap kerwen yollary, yodalary gecipdir.
into this:
Garaşsız ve bakı Bitarap Türkmenistan dövleti Gundogarın ve Gunbatarın kop ıuertlarına tarao gidıan gadımı “Beyik yupek” sovda yollarının çatrıgında, geografik taydan innan amatlı yerde yerleşyar. Şona gora-de, Türkmenistanın territoriyasının usti bilen Gadımı ve Orta asır dovurlerinde hem dunıa bazarlarına tarap kerven ıolları, ıodaları gecipdir.

which is not perfect (especially yodalary to ıodaları) but overall much easier to read if you know Turkish.

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Germany's middle class has changed little after the 2009 economic crisis

An article from Welt just a few hours ago cites numbers from a new study showing that Germany's middle class is stable and has gone through the 2009 economic crisis more or less unchanged. The society itself is aging and there are a lot of people nearing retirement age that live alone, but on the other hand they tend to have a good amount of money to burn and overall the numbers in the report look quite positive. The study was done by GfK.

The most pertinent info from the article summarized:

A new GfK study has shown some surprising findings: Germany has a stable middle class, many senior households, as well as a large number of singles.

The typical single shown in the study is one that has a rather high income, around middle age, without children, and single. Perhaps lonely but no financial problems. This is not such a bad phenomenon compared to the fear of a shrinking middle class found in many other countries. According to the newest statistics from GfK, 60.1% of those in Germany have a monthly income of more than 2000€, or $2740 per month ($33000 yearly). This is actually after tax, as income here is defined as the sum of all monthly payments (salary, pensions, child benefits...) minus taxes and social contributions.

Households with less than 1100€ per month ($1500 or $18100 per year) are considered to be low income, and these made up 14% of the country last year.

The three classes after this are defined as middle-class, and range from 1100€ to 2600€ ($3570 or $42850 per year), and these classes made up 44% of the country.

The rest make up the higher income class, and comprise 45.6% of the country. 3.1% make more than 7500€ a month ($10300 or $123 600 per year).

This new data comes out at a particularly pertinent time, as there is much worry in the country that it will end up with a shrinking middle class as well. But these numbers are little different from those in 2008, meaning that the economic crisis in 2009 has not shrunk the middle class. The change between 2008 and 2010 was as follows:

(2008 -- 2010)

  • Below 1100€ ($18,000): 14.1% -- 14%
  • From 1100 to 1500€ ($18,000 to $24,700): 12.2% -- 11.9%
  • From 1500 to 2000€ ($24,700 to $33,000): 13.4% -- 14.0%
  • From 2000 to 2600€ ($33,000 to $43,000): 14.8% -- 14.5%
  • From 2600 to 4000€ ($43,000 to $66,000): 25.1% -- 23.9%
  • From 4000 to 7500€ ($66,000 to $123,600): 17.8% -- 18.6%
  • 7500€ euros and above: 2.6% -- 3.1%
A chart showing this in German is here if you like.

So in short: the lowest low income levels are almost the same or ever so slightly smaller, slightly lower middle has grown a bit, middle middle is a tiny bit smaller, upper middle is somewhat smaller, upper is slightly larger, and upper upper is also a bit larger - although this highest income class has grown more than it seems due to starting out as the smallest group.

If there is one thing to be concerned about it's regional disparity: In Berlin one in four households (24.8%) is classified as low income, in Hamburg it's one in five (19.9%), whereas in Munich the number is down at 6%. Munich also has a high number of people in the highest class (7500+ euros per month) at 5.8%.

The numbers also show aging in German society: 40% of German households have just one person, 31% have more than one person but no children, and only 29% have children. This trend is expected to intensify further. The city with the highest number of singles was Berlin for a long time and it still has a 54.3% single population, but Regensburg has now edged it out with 55.8%.

The final interesting number is the ratio of foreigners: Offenbach has the largest number with 22.32%, compared with the national average of 8.2%. Berlin, oft cited as an example of failed integration, is actually down at 37% place with 12.7% of the population from abroad.

While reading the largely negative comments below one is reminded that positive numbers like these don't always exactly correspond with a positive mood in the country. Well, and that comments below articles are very often negative. Germany and other European nations have a lot of EU-wide concerns at the moment which naturally dampen the mood somewhat while South America seems to be feeling pretty good about itself overall. This article in Portuguese from a few days back references an Ipsos study showing that Brazilians feel the most positive about their country's economy in the next few months (78%), while France is dead last at 4%. Germany is most optimistic in Europe but still is at 27%, with even African nations as a whole feeling more positive at 32%, and Saudi Arabia at 47%.

One small piece of related news: the president of Portugal will now go without a salary. His salary in Germany would be classified as the second highest level at 6500€.

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Wandering through the German Wikisource

Thursday, January 27, 2011

The German Wikisource is one of the largest out there, and wading through it can take up a large part of your day before you know it. Though the amount of content contained within is too large for any one post to show, there are some parts in particular that I've found to be either very interesting or head-scratchingly WTF. Below is a small exhibition of some of the images there that have made an impression on me, both good and bad.

A picture from an alpine expedition (Montanvert to Eismeer) for a book published in 1792:


This image of a book scanner isn't attached to any article but I like it. I've seen that book on architecture elsewhere there so one of those images should turn up eventually.


Here's what your bookshelf looks like when you're a bishop.


One more photo of the scanner above, showing the overall setup. This image gives more info on the equipment itself - the camera is a Pentax K20D for example.



A Latin tombstone. Two years ago a Latin tombstone helped settle a linguistic dispute in Belgium too.


Title page for a book from 1669 on astrology, specifically the effect of the Moon's movement on the fate of men - Erklärung etlicher der Menschen Zufäll nach des Monden Lauff. Each chapter of the book is about what happens when the Moon is in a different constellation.
Some sort of poster from 1650 about travels in a number of countries - Germany, Netherlands, Spain, etc. One can only hope that haberdashery like this will someday come back in style.


Reicher Rabe can afford to be on the wrong Wiki as well, apparently.


A shocking devil story (Ein erschröcklich geschicht Vom Tewfel), 1533:


Another similar story, this one from 1654 apparently about a woman believed to be possessed by a dumb (as in silent) devil and eventually executed. 17th-century German is not my forté though so I can't vouch that that's exactly what this story is about.


This book here (Schedel'sche Weltchronik, AKA the Nuremburg Chronicle) from 1493 is full of pictures. It's got riding on a horse with the devil:


Lots of kings and priests:


Mohammed:


Tons of cities - here's Rome.


People drowning:


A wolf boy:


and much more.

A story here from the 17th century about a woman who gave birth to a most frightful child. Very frightful indeed:


From 1693, a story about a fearsome sea monster:


From 1641, a man's wife and her attempts to steal his money while he's drunk:


Pictures from Die Gartenlaube from 1853 to 1876 are almost endless, so I'll only add four of them here. Being much more recent than most other images on Wikisource, the art is also more akin to modern tastes. Click on Inhaltsverzeichnis for each year on that page and scroll to the bottom to see what images there are for each year. The magazine is still not entirely scanned and typed up so not everything is complete.







But then again newer does not always mean more pleasing to the eye - there is also the work by Ringelnatz (from 1909), really some of the worst illustrations I've seen. Behold the illustrations from a man who published books for 30 years:










Penultimately, let's take a look at some comets. Since comets tend to come without warning and make their presence very known in the night sky, one finds a lot of illustrated books about them with a lot of theories as to what they are supposed to be, from the astronomical to fantastic. You'll also notice a lot more Latin in these texts, very easy to make out since German at the time was written in Fraktur whereas anything in Latin used more or less the same fonts that we use today.

This book is about a comet seen 3 December 1664 in Hamburg:



Another book on the same comet, showing its path through the sky:


Another comet, linked to the Wikipedia page on Great Comets:


And then this last one, from 1687. The same year in which Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica was published, in fact.



Finally, that architecture book. Apparently it's this book, but the one I was thinking of on Wikisource is similar but different - it's actually this one about two churches in Köln/Cologne. Some more books on architecture can be found here. We'll end the post with a few pictures from that book.








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