Swadesh list comparing English, French, Lithuanian and Sambahsa

While Dnghu has not had an update since January, the pan-Indo-European auxlangs Sambahsa and Uropi have released a fair amount of content recently. Finding cognates among large European languages is fairly easy to do, but another point of interest is whether their vocabulary bears more similarity to modern Lithuanian than your average Western European-based auxlang. For that I asked Olivier to send me the Sambahsa vocabulary for a Swadesh list, the well-known list of 207 common words used to make a rough comparison between languages. The list has English, French, Lithuanian and Sambahsa, and the words that are obvious cognates between Lithuanian and Sambahsa that the other two do not share are in bold. Olivier's notes on vocabulary from the email he sent me are below the chart. In the next week or two I might try an English/French/Lithuanian Uropi or Modern Indo-European Swadesh list.

No	English	French	Lithuanian	Sambahsa
1	I	je	aš	ego, io
2	you, thou	vous, tu	Jūs, tu	yu, tu
3	he	il	jis	is
4	we	nous	mes	wey
5	you (pl.)	vous	Jūs	yu
6	they	ils, elles	jie, jos	ies, ias, ia, i
7	this	ceci	šis	so, sa, tod
8	that	cela	tas, anas	cis, cia, cid
9	here	ici	čia	her
10	there	là	ten	ter
11	who	qui	kas	qui(s), qua, quel
12	what	quoi	kas	quod
13	where	où	kur	quer
14	when	quand	kada	quan(do)
15	how	comment	kaip	kam, quosmed
16	not	ne...pas	ne ...	ne
17	all	tout	viskas, visi	vasyo, hol, quant
18	many	plusieurs	daug	maung
19	some	quelques	kažkiek	sem
20	few	peu	keletas	pau(k)
21	other	autre	kitas	alyo, alter
22	one	un	vienas	oin
23	two	deux	du	dwo
24	three	trois	trys	tri
25	four	quatre	keturi	quar
26	five	cinq	penki	penk(we)
27	big *	grand	didelis	mier
28	long *	long	ilgas	long
29	wide	large	platus	weur
30	thick	épais	storas, tankus, tirštas	teug
31	heavy	lourd	sunkus	gwaur
32	small *	petit	mažas	smulk
33	short	court	trumpas	cort
34	narrow	étroit	siauras	angh
35	thin	mince	plonas	teun
36	woman *	femme	moteris	gwen(a)
37	man (adult male)	homme	vyras	wir
38	man * (human being)	homme	žmogus	mensc
39	kid	enfant	vaikas	magv
40	wife	femme, épouse	žmona	gvibh, esor
41	husband	mari, époux	vyras	mann
42	mother	mère	motina	mater
43	father	père	tėvas	pater
44	animal	animal	gyvulys	animal
45	fish *	poisson	žuvis	pisk
46	bird *	oiseau	paukštis	av
47	hound *	chien	šuo	kwaun
48	louse *	pou	utėlė	lus
49	snake	serpent	gyvatė	serpent
50	worm	ver	kirminas	vehrm
51	beam *	arbre	medis	dru
52	forest	forêt	miškas	forest, ghiri = mountain forest
53	stick	bâton	lazda	gazd
54	fruit	fruit	vaisius	fruit
55	seed *	graine	sėkla	semen
56	leaf *	feuille	lapas	warak
57	root *	racine	šaknis	raudh
58	bark * (from tree)	écorce	žievė	corce
59	flower	fleur	gėlė	flor
60	grass	herbe	žolė	gras
61	rope	corde	virvė	seil
62	skin *	peau	oda	cuit
63	meat	viande	mėsa	miems
64	blood *	sang	kraujas	sehrg
65	bone *	os	kaulas	ost
66	fat * (n.)	graisse	riebalai	selp, smeru
67	egg *	œuf	kiaušinis	oiv
68	horn *	corne	ragas	horn
69	tail *	queue	uodega	swayp
70	feather *	plume	plunksna	ptor
71	hair *	cheveu	plaukai	kays
72	head *	tête	galva	cap
73	ear *	oreille	ausis	aur
74	eye *	œil	akis	ok
75	nose *	nez	nosis	nas
76	mouth *	bouche	burna	stohm
77	tooth *	dent	dantis	dent
78	tongue *	langue	liežuvis	dingv
79	fingernail	ongle	nagas	onkh
80	foot *	pied	pėda	ped
81	leg	jambe	koja	jamb
82	knee *	genou	kelis	genu
83	hand *	main	ranka	hand
84	wing	aile	sparnas	pterg
85	belly *	ventre	pilvas	gventer
86	guts	entrailles	viduriai	inster
87	neck *	cou	kaklas	coll
88	back	dos	nugara	regv
89	breast *	sein, poitrine	krūtis	pizdan (of female)
90	heart *	cœur	širdis	kerd
91	liver *	foie	kepenys	lyekwrnt
92	drink *	boire	gerti	poh
93	eat *	manger	valgyti	edd
94	bite *	mordre	kąsti	dehnk
95	suck	sucer	čiulpti	seug
96	spit	cracher	spjauti	spieu
97	vomit	vomir	vemti	vomeih
98	blow	souffler	pūsti	blah
99	breathe	respirer	kvėpuoti	annem
100	laugh	rire	juoktis	gleih
101	see *	voir	matyti	vid
102	hear *	entendre	girdėti	aur
103	know * (a fact)	savoir	žinoti	woid
104	think	penser	galvoti	mehn
105	smell	sentir	uosti	neus
106	fear	craindre, avoir peur	bijoti	bay
107	sleep *	dormir	miegoti	swehp
108	live	vivre	gyventi	gwiv
109	die *	mourir	mirti	mehr, daunet, nehc
110	kill *	tuer	žudyti	xehn, neic
111	fight	se battre	kovoti	katue, weigh
112	hunt	chasser	medžioti	sayd, gverue, agrue
113	hit	frapper	smogti	heih, plag, stuned
114	cut	couper	pjauti, kirpti	(oi)(s)kehrz, seg
115	split	fendre	skelti	scinesd, finesd
116	stab	poignarder	durti	dyehgw
117	scratch	gratter	drėksti, brėžti	graz
118	dig	creuser	kasti, rausti	food, grabh, (oi)(s)kav
119	swim *	nager	plaukti	snah
120	fly * (v.)	voler	skristi	pleuk
121	walk *	marcher	eiti	ghang
122	come *	venir	ateiti	gwehm
123	lie *	s'étendre	gulti, gulėti	lyehg
124	sit *	s'asseoir	sėsti, sėdėti	sedd
125	stand *	se lever	stoti, stovėti	stah
126	turn	tourner	apsisukti	wehrt
127	fall	tomber	kristi	fall
128	give *	donner	duoti	dah
129	hold	tenir	laikyti	dehrj
130	squeeze	serrer	spausti, gręžti	sehr
131	rub	frotter	trinti	ghneih, tyehr
132	wash	laver	plauti, skalbti	lav
133	wipe	essuyer	šluoti	tierg
134	pull	tirer	traukti	trag
135	push	pousser	stumti	pusc
136	throw	jeter	mesti	xeubh
137	tie	lier	rišti	behnd
138	sew	coudre	siūti	syuh
139	count	compter	skaičiuoti	lehg, conte
140	say *	dire	sakyti	sayg
141	sing	chanter	dainuoti	sehngv
142	play	jouer	žaisti	leik
143	float	flotter	plūduriuoti	flotte
144	flow	couler	tekėti	sreu
145	freeze	geler	šalti	frehs
146	swell	gonfler	tinti	teum
147	sun *	soleil	saulė	sol
148	moon *	lune	mėnulis	meun
149	star *	étoile	žvaigždė	star
150	water *	eau	vanduo	wed
151	rain *	pluie	lietus	seuy
152	river	rivière	upė	sreumen
153	lake	lac	ežeras	lac
154	sea	mer	jūra	mar
155	salt	sel	druska	sald
156	stone *	pierre	akmuo	petra
157	sand *	sable	smėlis	sand
158	dust	poussière	dulkės	duil
159	earth *	terre	žemė	ardh, (di)ghom
160	cloud *	nuage	debesis	nebh
161	fog	brouillard	rūkas	nebule
162	sky	ciel	dangus	waurn
163	wind	vent	vėjas	wind
164	snow	neige	sniegas	sneigv
165	ice	glace	ledas	glehdj
166	smoke *	fumée	dūmai	dum
167	fire *	feu	ugnis	ogwn, piurn
168	ashes *	cendres	pelenai	bur, ascha, kenis
169	burn *	brûler	degti	aydh
170	road *	route	kelias	strad
171	mountain *	montagne	kalnas	ghyor(a)
172	red *	rouge	raudonas	rudh
173	green *	vert	žalias	glend
174	yellow *	jaune	geltonas	gehlb
175	white *	blanc	baltas	albh (kweit)
176	black *	noir	juodas	sword
177	night *	nuit	naktis	noct
178	day	jour	diena	dien
179	year	an, année	metai	yar
180	warm *	chaud	šiltas	warm
181	cold *	froid	šaltas	srig
182	full *	plein	pilnas	plen
183	new *	nouveau	naujas	nov
184	old	vieux	senas	veut
185	good *	bon	geras	sell, gohd, dohbro
186	bad	mauvais	blogas	khiter, khak, (s)mal
187	rotten	pourri	supuvęs	saup
188	dirty	sale	nešvarus, purvinas	murdar
189	straight	droit	tiesiai	seid
190	round *	rond	apskritas	rund
191	sharp	tranchant, pointu, aigu	aštrus	ak
192	dull	émoussé	bukas	stump
193	smooth	lisse	glotnus	glat, sliv
194	wet	mouillé	drėgnas	smeu
195	dry *	sec	sausas	siuk
196	correct	juste, correct	teisingas	prabh, correct
197	near	proche	arti, šalia	prokwem
198	far	loin	toli	dalg
199	right	à droite	dešinė	dexter
200	left	à gauche	kairė	levter
201	at	à	į	ad
202	in	dans	į	in
203	with	avec	su	con
204	and	et	ir	ed
205	if	si	jei	sei, an, kwe(ter)
206	because	parce que	nes, kadangi	ob
207	name *	nom	vardas	nam

Comments on Sambahsa vocabulary:



Eng : Sambahsa : Comments (otherwise consider it's of IE origin)

I : ego :
thou : tu
he : is
we : wey
you : yu
they : ies/ias/ia/i
this : so/sa/tod
that : cis/cia/cid : Ad-Ma have *k^is; we can assume this is the origin of "cis" and c°
here : her : Germanic
there : ter : IE ! *tor
who : qui(s)/qua/quel
what : quod
where : quer : IE ! *kwor (others have even *kwer)
when : quan(do) : the book has *kwodeh, but, given Latin and Germanic, we can assume it is IE
how : kam, quosmed : "quosmed" is inspired from IE, but *kwosmod was ablative. *kwe/om is attested only in Latin and Armenian. So, it is nevertheless IE...
not : ne
all : vasyo/hol/quant : Ad-Ma list a vague *wik^; but "vasyo is inspired from Sanskrit and Slavic, "hol" from Greek and English, "quant" from Greek "pant-" and Spanish "cuanto". So this is "new" IE.
many : maung : Ad-Ma list *pelu- (which exists in Sambahsa too), but there is Slavic "mnogo", German "manch".... So it's IE regionally, like many others above.
some : sem
few : pau(k)
other : alyo/alter
one : oin
two : dwo
three : tri
four : quar
five : penk(we)
big : mier : Here, I find Celtic: Breton "meur", Irish "mòr" etc... Romanian "mare" seems unrelated
long : long : (more exactly, western IE)
wide : weur
thick : teug
heavy : gwaur
small : smulk : Baltic (Lith. smulkus; Germanic is unrelated in truth)
short : cort : Modern European (both Romance and Germanic)
narrow : angh
thin : teun
woman : gwen(a)
man : wir
man : mensc
kid : magv : IE *maghus = young (servant); cf English "maid"
wife : gvibh, esor
husband : mann
mother : mater
father : pater
animal : animal : Latin of course
fish : pisk : (western IE; most books list *idhghu, for me, and Sambahsa, "igdu" means " a catch" from "yagh" = "to fetch food"...)
bird : av
hound : kwaun
louse : lus
snake : serpent : indeed many species names in IE, but sarpa exists in Sanskrit, like Romance "serpent", from the root *serp = to wind
worm : vehrm
beam (?; "tree" is better) : dru
forest : forest : low Latin "forestris" = "of outside"; Ad-Ma list *gworH, but Sambahsa has "ghiri" = "mountain forest"; cf. Sanskrit *giri and Lithuanian "giris", and they list *widu, I added recently to my on-line dic as "timberland", "woody"
stick : gazd
fruit : fruit : French...
seed : semen
leaf : warak : Arabic
root : raudh
bark : corce : Romance; Ad-Ma list *loubheH; Sambahsa has *lubher = Latin "liber" (which meant later "book")
flower : flor : Romance, Latin.
grass : gras : of course Germanic, but ultimately from IE *gras = to graze...
rope : seil : Köbler has *seilo
skin : cuit
meat : miems
blood : sehrg
bone : ost
fat : selp, smeru
egg : oiv
horn : horn : Germanic
tail : swayp : I suppose it's Germanic though I had it from some IE based wordlist
feather : ptor
hair : kays
head : cap
ear : aur
eye : ok
nose : nas
mouth : stohm
tooth : dent
tongue : dingv
fingernail : onkh
foot : ped
leg : jamb : French (with a remote Sanskrit root, maybe cognate to English "jump")
knee : genu
hand : hand : Germanic; the IE word "ghesor" is old-fashioned in Sambahsa
wing : pterg
belly : gventer : sure Latin; I can't find the IE connection...
guts : inster (sing.). (cf. Old Icelandic "istra" = "fat wrapping of entrails"; MiddleLow German "inster" : "entrails of a disemboeled animal", Prussian "instran" = "fat", Lith. "isc^ios "womb", Latv. "ies^kas" = "entrails"
neck : coll
back : regv : remotely relative of IE *krewok = "backbone", influenced by German "Rücken" and Latin prefix "re-"
breast (of female) : pizdan
heart : kerd
liver : lyekwrnt
drink : poh
eat : edd
bite : dehnk
suck : seug
spit : spieu
vomit : vomeih
blow : blah
breathe : annem
laugh : gleih
see : vid : (indirectly, through Latin and Slavic, cf. "woid" below)
hear : aur
know (a fact): woid
think : mehn
smell (accusative = odour) : neus : though not found, of course related to word for "nose"
fear : bay
sleep : swehp
live : gwiv
die : mehr/daunet/nehc
kill : xehn/neic
fight : katue/weigh : (north west IE, the land of our sword-wielding ancestors...)
hunt : sayd/gverue/agrue : "sayd" is Arabic, the other ones are attested in IE languages; they surely refer to different kinds of hunt. "gverue" from "gver" = "wild beast", "agrue" from *agros = "plain, field", cf. French "battre la campagne"
hit : heih/plag/stuned.... / the first is a mix of English and Spanish "hito", the others are IE
cut : (oi)(s)kehrz/seg
split : scinesd/finesd : Latin (through ultimately IE)
stab : dyehgw : from its form, it must be IE, though I don't remember where I found it.
scratch : graz : Germanic (though ultimately IE *kars)
dig : food/grabh/(oi)(s)kav... / IE (though "fodd" has a Latin form)
swim : snah
fly : pleuk : "new IE" from pleu + k; pure IE was "pet", but Sambahsa peht is old-fashioned
walk : ghang
come : gwehm
lie : lyehg
sit : sedd
stand : stah
turn : wehrt
fall : fall : Germanic
give : dah
hold : dehrj : IE (though "j" makes it more similar to Slavic)
squeeze : sehr : at least French "serrer"; I can't find back the IE root
rub : ghneih, tyehr
wash : lav
wipe : tierg (surely related to "tyehr" above)
pull : trag : (modelled after Latin; the true IE is *derag I think)
push : pusc : French and a little influenced by Russian "pusk"
throw : xeubh
tie (to bind ?) : behnd
sew : syuh
count : lehg, conte : lehg (to tell) is related to Latin "legere" (read) and Old Greek "legô" = "to tell" (cf: logos = speech); "conte" is of course Romance
say : sayg : Regional : Germanic, Baltic
sing : sehngv
play : leik : Scandinavian
float : flotte : Germanic through French
flow : sreu
freeze : frehs : Germanic (from IE *preus)
swell : teum
sun : sol
moon : meun
star : star
water : wed
rain : seuy
river : sreumen
lake : lac
sea : mar
salt : sald
stone : petra : Latin and Greek
sand : sand : of course Germanic, but Ma-Ad list IE *samdho-
dust : duil
earth: ardh/(di)ghom
cloud : nebh
fog : nebule
sky : waurn : cf . Greek "ouranos", Sanskrit "Varuna-", for me it's IE
wind : wind : like "sand", it's IE through Germanic; IE *wentos
snow : sneigv
ice : glehdj
smoke : dum
fire : ogwn/piurn
ashes : bur/ascha/kenis : the first one is "primeval" according to M.Ruhlen
burn : aydh
road : strad : Latin
mountain : ghyor(a)
red : rudh
green : glend
yellow : gehlb
white : albh (kweit)
black : sword
night : noct
day : dien
yaer : yar
warm : warm
cold : srig
full : plen
new : nov
old : veut
good : sell/gohd/dohbro : undirectly related to some IE roots
bad : khiter/khak/(s)mal : khiter is Slavic (maybe from Iranian), khak is partly Greek, (s)mal is IE
rotten : saup : I could not find the root, but I remember I had found it in a IE database Swadesh list...
dirty : murdar : Turkish through Romanian
straight : seid
round : rund : Romance (Latin "rotundus")
sharp : ak
dull : stump
wet : smeu
dry : siuk
correct : prabh/correct : of course, correct is from Latin
near : prokwem : at least Latin, but there must be an IE connection
far : dalg
right : dexter
left : levter
at : ad
in : in
with : con
and : ed : Italian & Volapük
if : sei/an/kwe(ter) : though not found directly, surely IE
because : ob : Latin, but Russian has "ob" = "about"...
name : nam